A Sensitivity Analysis of Lighting Condition Parameters in the Middle Section of Tunnel Based on Biomass Index
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摘要: 为了解决以往研究缺乏多样本对多因素条件下隧道中间段光环境敏感性感知试验研究的问题, 采用正交试验设计。设置16组(4因素、4水平)试验工况, 利用DIALux仿真软件建立隧道仿真模型, 并基于室内仿真模拟试验平台开展动态行车试验, 通过SMI眼动仪对30名试验人员瞳孔直径分别进行3次有效测量, 并剔除异常数据。研究了在隧道中间段行车时灯具布置方式、侧壁反光涂料布设高度、侧壁反光涂料颜色及LED光源色温等光环境组成参数对驾驶员瞳孔直径的影响规律。运用极差分析和方差分析相结合的方式分析了各试验参数对瞳孔直径影响程度主次关系和显著性水平, 并对室内仿真实验的可靠性进行了验证。结果表明: 选取的试验参数均对瞳孔直径都有显著性影响, 且影响程度从大到小依次是, 灯具的布设方式、LED光源色温、侧壁反光涂料颜色、侧壁反光涂料布设高度。根据本次试验结果选取的较优水平组合为, 沿中线布灯, 侧壁反光涂料布设高度为2 m, 侧壁反光涂料颜色为白色, LED光源色温为4 500 K。Abstract: A orthogonal experimental design is adopted to solve the lacking experimental research on light environment sensitivity in the middle section of tunnel under multi-factor conditions. Sixteen groups(4 factors and 4 levels)are set in this study. A model of the tunnel is established by Dialux simulation software. The simulation test is based on an indoor test platform for a dynamic driving test. In this test, three valid measurements of pupil diameter for each of the 30 test subjects are taken by SMI eye tracker, thus eliminating abnormal data. The composition parameters of the light environment are studied during driving in the middle of the tunnel. The effects of lighting arrangement, reflective coating height, reflective coating color, and LED light source color temperature on driver pupil diameter are studied. The relationship between primary and secondary factors is analyzed using the range and variance. The significance of the influences of various parameters on pupil diameter is obtained, which verifies the reliability of the indoor simulation. The results show that the test parameters selected in this study significantly affect the pupil diameter of the drivers. The influence degree is the lamp layout mode, LED light source color temperature, sidewall reflective paint color, and sidewall reflective paint layout height. According to the test results, the lamps are arranged along the centerline. The arrangement height of the sidewall reflective coating is 2 m, and the color of the sidewall reflective coating is white, with the color temperature of the LED light source of 4 500 K.
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图 1 模拟动画视频截图（中线布灯+2 m+黄色+3 500 K）
Figure 1. Screenshot of the simulated animation video (centerline light +2 m+ yellow +3 500 K)
图 6 DIAlux计算亮度与测量亮度对比
Figure 6. Comparison between calculated and measured brightness of Dialux
表 1 灯具布置形式
Table 1. Layout of lamps and lanterns
灯具布置方式 单侧灯具间距/m 单盏灯具光通量/lm 中线 10 9 000 中线偏侧 10 9 000 两侧交错 20 9 000 两侧对称 10 4 500 
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表 2 试验因素水平
Table 2. Tested factor level table
水平 因素 A B C D 1 中线 2 黄色 3 500 2 中线偏侧 2.5 白色 4 500 3 两侧交错 3 蓝色 5 500 4 两侧对称 3.5 绿色 6 500
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表 3 照明试验方案
Table 3. Lighting test scheme
工况 因素 A B C D E 1 中线 2 黄色 3 500 1 2 中线 2.5 白色 4 500 2 3 中线 3 蓝色 5 500 3 4 中线 3.5 绿色 6 500 4 5 中线偏侧 2 白色 5 500 4 6 中线偏侧 2.5 黄色 6 500 3 7 中线偏侧 3 绿色 3 500 2 8 中线偏侧 3.5 蓝色 4 500 1 9 两侧交错 2 蓝色 6 500 2 10 两侧交错 2.5 绿色 5 500 1 11 两侧交错 3 黄色 4 500 4 12 两侧交错 3.5 白色 3 500 3 13 两侧对称 2 绿色 4 500 3 14 两侧对称 2.5 蓝色 3 500 4 15 两侧对称 3 白色 6 500 1 16 两侧对称 3.5 黄色 5 500 2
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表 4 中间段灯具设置
Table 4. Settings of middle lamps
布灯方式 单侧灯具间距/m 单盏灯具光通量/lm 数量/盏 中线 10 9 000 40 中线偏侧 10 9 000 40 两侧交错 20 9 000 40 两侧对称 10 4 500 80
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表 5 入口段及出口段隧道照明设置
Table 5. Tunnel lighting settings at the entrance and exit sections
项目 长度/m 灯具型号 布置方式 单侧灯具间距/m 入口段 40 180WLED灯 两侧交错 2.5 出口段 40 180WLED灯 两侧交错 5
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表 6 测试人员信息
Table 6. Personnel information of the test subjects
分组编号 平均年龄/岁 总人数 男性人数 女性人数 矫正视力 Ⅰ 25.2 10 7 3 5.0 Ⅱ 26.1 10 7 3 5.0 Ⅲ 24.8 10 7 3 5.0
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表 7 参数指标测试结果
Table 7. Test results of parameter indices
工况编号 平均瞳孔直径/mm Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ 3组均值 1 5.089 5.270 5.206 5.188 2 4.996 4.906 4.861 4.921 3 5.402 5.340 5.378 5.373 4 5.537 5.557 5.747 5.614 5 5.285 5.341 5.378 5.335 6 5.650 5.595 5.682 5.642 7 5.591 5.568 5.657 5.605 8 5.302 5.451 5.480 5.411 9 5.624 5.708 5.692 5.675 10 5.543 5.895 5.888 5.776 11 5.602 5.895 5.904 5.801 12 5.774 5.734 5.725 5.744 13 5.733 5.715 5.698 5.715 14 5.678 5.840 5.818 5.779 15 5.820 5.837 5.900 5.852 16 5.463 5.376 5.504 5.448
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表 8 指标极差计算结果
Table 8. Calculation results of the index range
指标 因素 A B C D 平均瞳孔直径/mm K1 63.288 65.739 66.237 66.950 K2 65.981 66.352 65.556 65.543 K3 68.986 67.895 66.714 65.794 K4 68.381 66.651 68.130 68.349 极差 5.697 2.156 2.573 2.805 注：因素A为灯具的布设方式；因素B为侧壁反光涂料布设高度；因素C为侧壁反光涂料颜色；因素D为LED光源色温。
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表 9 优化水平组合
Table 9. Optimized horizontal combination
灯具布设方式 侧壁反光涂料布设高度/m 侧壁反光涂料颜色 LED光源色温/K 中线 2 白色 4 500
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表 10 方差分析表
Table 10. Variance analysis
变异来源 平方和 自由度 均方 F值 Fa 因素A 1.683 3 0.561 31.467 F0.05（3，35）=2.88 因素B 0.206 3 0.069 3.845 F0.01（3，35）=4.40 因素C 0.297 3 0.099 5.547 因素D 0.411 3 0.137 7.684 空列误差 0.365 3 重复实验 0.259 32 误差 总误差 0.624 35
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