Influences of Nighttime Supplemental Light for Road Monitoring on Driving Safety of Young Drivers
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摘要: 为了研究夜间环境道路监控补光灯对青年驾驶员驾驶行为的影响，考虑不同光照强度和是否存在行人横穿道路行为2个变量，通过UC-win/Road软件设计城市道路仿真场景，采用驾驶模拟器开展试验，并结合眼动仪、生理记录仪采集青年驾驶员的视觉、生理及驾驶操作3种特性指标。再利用重复测量方差分析方法，分析变量对青年驾驶员的3种特性的影响及其显著性水平。结果表明：①无论是否存在行人横穿道路行为，随着光照强度的增加，青年驾驶员的注视时间、瞳孔面积变化率及脑电(α+θ)/β均减小，心率增长率、制动踏板深度比例及制动反应距离均增加，表明光照强度越大对青年驾驶员的视觉、生理、驾驶操作特性越不利；②在存在行人横穿道路行为时，光照强度对青年驾驶员的视觉、生理及驾驶操作特性的影响更加明显；③当光照强度小于50 lx时，脑电(α+θ)/β和驾驶操作指标变化较缓，而光照强度大于50 lx时，脑电(α+θ)/β指标下降显著，变化率大于10%，其数值低于3.70，表明青年驾驶员产生情绪波动，警觉性显著增大，制动踏板深度比例显著增大，其数值大于0.55，制动反应距离超过13.40 m，制动操作力度较大，操作稳定性降低，且避让行人的成功率显著降低，不利于夜间行车。因此，建议道路监控补光灯的光照强度宜小于50 lx。Abstract: To study the influences of nighttime supplemental light for road monitoring on young drivers, a simulation of urban road that consider light intensity and crossing behaviors of pedestrians are designed by the software of UC-win/Road. The simulation is carried out with a driving simulator. The visual, physiological, and driving operational characteristics of drivers are collected by an eye tracker and physiological instruments. The repeated measures variance (ANOVA) is applied to analyze the influences of variables on three characteristics of young drivers and their significance. The results reveal the following facts. ① Regardless of whether there are crossing behaviors of pedestrians, with the increase of light intensity, the gaze duration, change rate of pupil area, and electroencephalogram (EEG) (α+θ)/β of young drivers all decrease, while the growth rate of heart rate, brake pedal depth ratio, and braking response distance increase. It indicates that the increasing light intensity adversely affects the visual, physiological, and driving operation characteristics of young drivers. ② When there are crossing behaviors of pedestrians, the light intensity has a more obvious effect on the visual, physiological, and driving characteristics of young drivers. ③ When the light intensity is less than 50 lx, the change of EEG (α+θ)/β and driving operation indicators of young drivers are slow. When the light intensity is greater than 50 lx, the EEG (α+θ)/β significantly decreases, with a change rate greater than 10%, and the value is less than 3.70, indicating that the young drivers have emotional fluctuations and significantly increased alertness. Meanwhile the brake pedal depth ratio significantly increases (greater than 0.55), and the braking response distance exceeds 13.40 m, indicating that the young drivers' braking operation is stronger than the usual, their operation stability decreases, and the success rate of avoiding pedestrians is significantly reduced, which is not conducive to driving at night. Therefore, it is recommended that the light intensity of nighttime supplemental light for road monitoring should be less than 50 lx.
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图 6 不同光照强度的瞳孔面积变化率
Figure 6. Change rate of pupil area under different light intensities
图 10 不同光照强度的制动反应距离
Figure 10. Braking response distance of different light intensities
表 1 试验场景中变量参数的设置
Table 1. Parameter setting of variables in tests cenes
场景编号 光照强度/lx 有无行人横穿道路 1 10 无 2 10 有 3 30 无 4 30 有 5 50 无 6 50 有 7 70 无 8 70 有 9 90 无 10 90 有 
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表 2 不同光照强度注视时间方差统计分析
Table 2. Post-hoc analysis of gaze duration in different light intensities
光照强度/lx 平均值差值 显著性 95%置信区间 下限 上限 10与30 0.211* < 0.01 0.191 0.232 10与50 0.286* < 0.01 0.263 0.308 10与70 0.330* < 0.01 0.304 0.357 10与90 0.397* < 0.01 0.371 0.423 30与50 0.074* < 0.01 0.065 0.084 30与70 0.119* < 0.01 0.104 0.134 30与90 0.186* < 0.01 0.173 0.199 50与70 0.044* < 0.01 0.029 0.059 50与90 0.112* < 0.01 0.097 0.126 70与90 0.067* < 0.01 0.051 0.084 注：*表示在p < 0. 05水平下存在显著差异
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表 3 不同光照强度HRGR方差统计分析
Table 3. Post-hoc analysis of HRGR in different light intensities
光照强度/lx 平均值差值/% 显著性 95%置信区间/% 下限 上限 10与30 -1.17 > 0.05 -2.35 0.01 10与50 -2.10* 0.007 -3.59 -0.64 10与70 -4.00* < 0.001 -5.16 -2.93 10与90 -6.20* < 0.001 -7.56 -4.90 30与50 -0.95 > 0.05 -2.26 0.36 30与70 -2.90* 0.001 -4.36 -1.40 30与90 -5.10* < 0.001 -6.56 -3.57 50与70 -1.90* 0.048 -3.84 -0.02 50与90 -4.10* < 0.001 -5.95 -2.27 70与90 -2.20* 0.002 -3.49 -0.88 注：*表示在p < 0. 05水平下存在显著差异
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表 4 制动踏板深度比例方差统计分析
Table 4. Post-hoc analysis of brake pedal depth ratio
光照强度/lx 平均值差值 显著性 95%置信区间 下限 上限 10与30 -0.05 > 0.05 -0.10 0.01 10与50 -0.06* 0.02 -0.12 -0.01 10与70 -0.17* < 0.01 -0.26 -0.08 10与90 -0.21* < 0.01 -0.29 -0.13 30与50 -0.02 > 0.05 -0.07 0.04 30与70 -0.12* < 0.01 -0.19 -0.06 30与90 -0.16* < 0.01 -0.23 -0.10 50与70 -0.11* 0.01 -0.18 -0.03 50与90 -0.15* < 0.01 -0.20 -0.09 70与90 -0.04 > 0.05 -0.09 0.01 注：*表示在p < 0.05水平下存在显著差异
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表 5 不同光照强度的避让行人成功率
Table 5. Pedestrian avoidance success rate of different light intensities
光照强度/lx 避让行人成功率/% 10 100 30 100 50 95 70 90 90 85
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表 6 制动反应距离方差统计分析
Table 6. Post-hoc analysis of braking response distance
光照强度/lx 平均值差值 显著性 95%置信区间 下限 上限 10与30 -0.84* 0.01 -1.45 -0.24 10与50 -1.12* < 0.01 -1.67 -0.58 10与70 -1.40* < 0.01 -1.83 -0.96 10与90 -2.37* < 0.01 -2.87 -1.87 30与50 -0.28 > 0.05 -0.88 0.32 30与70 -0.55 > 0.05 -1.15 0.04 30与90 -1.52* < 0.01 -2.19 -0.86 50与70 -0.27 > 0.05 -0.76 0.21 50与90 -1.24* < 0.01 -1.74 -0.75 70与90 -0.97* < 0.01 -1.40 -0.54 注：*表示在p < 0. 05水平下存在显著差异
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