State-of-the-art and Prospect of Technical Standards for the Ships Powered by Hydrogen Fuel Cells
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摘要: 随着全球能源与环境问题的日益突出，节能减排已成为各国共识。船舶航运业能耗与排放问题不容小觑，因此迫切需要应用清洁能源技术以实现航运业绿色低碳/零碳化发展。氢燃料电池动力船舶的发展，为航运业实现节能减排的目标带来了契机。目前，包括中国在内的多个国家正在积极推动氢燃料电池动力船舶的研究和示范应用，其中，完备的技术标准是相关产业发展的重要基础。然而，一方面，国内外船用氢能技术与法律规范体系尚未形成、标准系统分支不健全且核心标准缺失；另一方面，较为完善的车用氢能产业标准内容由于车船产业技术的固有差异并不完全适用于船舶体系等问题仍需解决。因此，基于氢燃料电池动力船舶的技术路线及产业链发展，系统梳理了氢燃料电池动力船舶的技术结构与国内外项目发展现状，分析了船级社氢燃料及氢燃料电池技术法规现状，调研统计、分类归纳、综合分析了国内外现行氢能标准；构建了以氢燃料电池动力船舶应用为主且涵盖了氢能制备、储运、加注等产业链环节的绿色航运体系；在绿色航运体系的框架下，对比了氢燃料电池动力车船的产业技术，结果发现氢燃料电池动力车船在应用场景、功率、储氢、加注设施等方面存在差异，在使用寿命、启动工况、空间要求、安装方式、通风和气密要求等方面也有明显异同。在此基础上，以氢燃料电池动力船舶标准体系构建、参考车用氢能标准的适用性、氢燃料电池动力船舶产业链核心标准专项制定、氢燃料电池动力船舶技术的安全性法规标准制订为主线，形成针对绿色航运体系下氢燃料电池动力船舶产业技术规范、认证和产品标准的发展框架与发展方向。Abstract: With the increasing global concerns over energy and environmental issues, energy conservation and emission reduction have become a consensus among countries. There is an urgent need for the global shipping industry to stick to a green, low-carbon/zero-carbon development path, due to its considerable energy consumption and emissions. The development of ships powered by hydrogen fuel cells provides an opportunity for the shipping industry to achieve relevant targets for energy conservation and emission reduction. There are active research, promotions and demonstrations of ships powered by hydrogen fuel cells in China and many other countries, among which technical standards are an important foundation for the development of this particular technology. However, on one hand, the relevant domestic and foreign hydrogen energy technologies for marine applications and regulatory frameworks have yet to be developed. The corresponding standard systems are also incomplete with the lack of core standards. On the other hand, the standards from the automotive hydrogen energy industry, which are relatively more comprehensive, are not applicable to the maritime system, due to the inherent technical differences between the automotive and maritime industries. Therefore, based on the technological roadmap and CHAIN OF INDUSTRIALIZATION of ships powered by hydrogen fuel cells, this study systematically reviews the technical structure and the status quo of domestic and foreign projects and analyzes technical regulations of the hydrogen fuel and hydrogen fuel cell from Classification Society. The domestic and foreign hydrogen standards and regulations are also studied, classified, and systematically analyzed. Furthermore, a green shipping framework is developed, which mainly focuses on the application of ships powered by hydrogen fuel cells and covers the production chain of hydrogen production, storage, transportation, and refueling. Within the framework of the proposed green shipping system, technologies of vehicles and ships powered by hydrogen fuel cells are compared. Study results show that there are differences in the application settings, power, hydrogen storage, and refueling facilities, as well as significant similarities and differences in service life, starting conditions, space requirements, installation methods, ventilation, and airtightness requirements. Based on these findings, this study focuses on developing a standard system for ships powered by hydrogen fuel cells, referencing the applicability of hydrogen energy standards for road vehicles, developing the core standards for the chain of industrialization of ships powered by hydrogen fuel cells, and formulating safety regulations and standards for such ships. The paper aims to develop theframework and directions for technical specifications, certification, and product standards for the industry of ships powered by hydrogen fuel cells, specifically tailored to the green shipping system.
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图 1 国际海运温室气体减排战略示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of IMO's initial strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from ships
图 4 国内外船级社氢燃料电池船舶法规
Figure 4. Regulations of domestic and foreign classification societies for hydrogen fuel cell ships
图 5 ISO氢能标准体系产业链各环节标准分布
Figure 5. ISO hydrogen standard system of the industrial chain of each link standard distribution
图 6 部分适用于氢燃料电池船舶的相关国际标准
Figure 6. Partially applicable to international standards related to hydrogen fuel cell ships
图 7 中国氢能标准体系各子体系标准分布
Figure 7. Standard distribution of each sub-system of China hydrogen energy standard system
图 8 中国氢能标准体系各子体系部分标准内容
Figure 8. Part of the standard contents of each sub-system of China Hydrogen standard system
图 9 部分氢能国家标准及其参考的国际标准
Figure 9. List of national standards for partial hydrogen energy and their reference international standards
图 11 氢燃料电池船舶标准发展方向框架
Figure 11. Hydrogen fuel cell ship standard development direction framework
表 1 高压气态与低温液态储氢方式特点
Table 1. Characteristics of high pressure gaseous and low temperature liquid hydrogen storage
项目 高压气态储氢 低温液态储氢 优点 技术成熟、结构简单，充装速度快，成本及能耗低 储氢体积容量较高，适用于大规模、长距离氢储运，运输方便，安全性较高 缺点 储氢体积容量比低，储氢规模小，安全性较差 技术不成熟，成本较高，能耗较大 应用领域 高压储氢罐，目前主要氢储运方式，多用于氢燃料电池 多用于航空航天领域，少部分民用 
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表 3 氢燃料电池车船产业技术差异
Table 3. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle and ship industry technology difference
项目 车用燃料电池 船用燃料电池 功率及工况 100 kW，输出可存在波动 ≥100 kW，输出稳定 应用环境 陆地道路 内河/湖泊/海洋 储氢要求 高压储罐储氢 更高能量密度储氢 氢加注设施 初具规模 尚无专用设施 空间要求 空间紧凑，便于安置 空间宽阔，便于维修 安装方式 追求与车体的耦合 追求独立性，多为柜式安装 通风和气密要求 敞开式，要求相对较低 系统全密闭/半密闭，高标准
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